[LeetCode 310] Minimum Height Trees

For a undirected graph with tree characteristics, we can choose any node as the root. The result graph is then a rooted tree. Among all possible rooted trees, those with minimum height are called minimum height trees (MHTs). Given such a graph, write a function to find all the MHTs and return a list of their root labels.

Format
The graph contains n nodes which are labeled from 0 to n - 1. You will be given the number n and a list of undirected edges (each edge is a pair of labels).

You can assume that no duplicate edges will appear in edges. Since all edges are undirected, [0, 1] is the same as [1, 0] and thus will not appear together in edges.

Example 1:

Given n = 4, edges = [[1, 0], [1, 2], [1, 3]]

    0
    |
    1
   / \
  2   3

return [1]

Example 2:

Given n = 6, edges = [[0, 3], [1, 3], [2, 3], [4, 3], [5, 4]]

 0  1  2
  \ | /
    3
    |
    4
    |
    5

return [3, 4]

Hint:
How many MHTs can a graph have at most?

Note:

(1) According to the definition of tree on Wikipedia: “a tree is an undirected graph in which any two vertices are connected by exactly one path. In other words, any connected graph without simple cycles is a tree.”

(2) The height of a rooted tree is the number of edges on the longest downward path between the root and a leaf.

Diffculty
Medium

Similar Problems
[LeetCode 207] Course Schedule Medium [LeetCode ] Course Schedule II Medium

Analysis

可以采用广度优先来解决此题，解法非常类似 [Curse Schedule][] 的 BFS 解法。

建立一个图 g，是一个二维数组，其中g[i]是一个一维数组，保存了 i 节点可以到达的所有节点。 我们开始将所有只有一个连接边的节点(叶节点)都存入到一个队列 queue 中，然后我们遍历每一个叶节点，通过图来找到和其相连的节点，并且在其相连节点的集合中将该叶节点删去，如果删完后此节点也也变成一个叶节点了，加入队列中，再下一轮删除。那么删到什么时候为止呢，当节点数小于等于 2 时候停止，此时剩下的一个或两个节点就是我们要求的最小高度树的根节点。

class Solution {
public:
    vector<int> findMinHeightTrees(int n, vector<pair<int, int> >& edges) {
        if (n == 1) return {0};
        vector<int> res;
        vector<unordered_set<int>> adj(n);
        queue<int> q;
        for (auto edge : edges) {
            adj[edge.first].insert(edge.second);
            adj[edge.second].insert(edge.first);
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            if (adj[i].size() == 1) q.push(i);
        }
        while (n > 2) {
            int size = q.size();
            n -= size;
            for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
                int t = q.front(); q.pop();
                for (auto a : adj[t]) {
                    adj[a].erase(t);
                    if (adj[a].size() == 1) q.push(a);
                }
            }
        }
        while (!q.empty()) {
            res.push_back(q.front()); q.pop();
        }
        return res;
    }
};

[Curse Schedule]: